drsanka2020
21-03-2007, 10:20 AM
ارجو ان تنال اعجابكم
urine analysis
1. volume
750 to 2000 ml/24hr.
2. urine colour:
Normal, fresh urine is pale to dark yellow or amber in color and clear
Turbidity or cloudiness may be caused by excessive cellular material or protein in the urine or may develop from crystallization or precipitation of salts upon standing at room temperature or in the refrigerator,
3. PH:
pH of 7.4 to about 6 in the final urine, may range dependiing on acid base ratio from 4.5 to 8
4. Sp. Gravity
Specific gravity between 1.002 and 1.035 on a random sample should be considered normal
any measurement below this range indicates hydration and any measurement above it indicates relative dehydration.
Any urine having a specific gravity over 1.035 is either
contaminated, contains very high levels of glucose,
hint:::
1- High volume
a- High s.g -----> D.mellitus
b- v.low S.g -----> D.Insipidus
c- S.g = 1010 -----> Chronic Renal failure
2- Low volume
a- High S.g -----> Nephrosis
b- S.g =1010 -----> Acute renal failure
5. protien:
Normal total protein excretion does not usually exceed 150 mg/24 hours, more than 150 may indicate proteiniuria
6. Glucose:
Less than 0.1% of glucose normally filtered by the glomerulus appears in urine (< 130 mg/24 hr, Glycosuria (excess sugar in urine) generally means diabetes mellitus
7. ketones bodies:
there present indicate diabetic ketosis or some other form of calorie deprivation (starvation),
8. nitrite:
A positive nitrite test indicates that bacteria may be present in significant numbers in urine. Gram negative rods such as E. coli are more likely to give a positive test.
9. leukocyte:
A positive leukocyte esterase test results from the presence of white blood cells either as whole cells or as lysed cells indicating pyuria
10 heamatouria:
abnormal numbers of red cells in urine due to: glomerular damage, tumors which erode the urinary tract
11. WBCs:
Pyuria refers to the presence of abnormal numbers of leukocytes that may appear with infection in either the upper or lower urinary tract or with acute glomerulonephritis
12. bacteria:
Bacteria are common in urine specimens because of the abundant normal microbial flora of the vagina or external urethral meatus and because of their ability to rapidly multiply in urine standing at room temperature.
Generally, more than 100,000/ml of one organism reflects significant bacteriuria
13. yeast:
Yeast cells may be contaminants or represent a true yeast infection, indicating candida infection
14. crystals:
commen crystals which presnt indicating ca oxalate and amorphus phosphate,
Very uncommon crystals include: cystine crystals in urine of neonates with congenital cystinuria or severe liver disease, tyrosine crystals with congenital tyrosinosis or marked liver impairment, or leucine crystals in patients with severe liver disease or with maple syrup urine disease.
Casts
Granular -----> Renal failure
Red -----> nephretic syndrome
White ----> pyelonephritis
Fatty ------> nephrotic syndrome
de aham el points in cast
ova and it's related with egg of parasites and bilharzia
تمت
urine analysis
1. volume
750 to 2000 ml/24hr.
2. urine colour:
Normal, fresh urine is pale to dark yellow or amber in color and clear
Turbidity or cloudiness may be caused by excessive cellular material or protein in the urine or may develop from crystallization or precipitation of salts upon standing at room temperature or in the refrigerator,
3. PH:
pH of 7.4 to about 6 in the final urine, may range dependiing on acid base ratio from 4.5 to 8
4. Sp. Gravity
Specific gravity between 1.002 and 1.035 on a random sample should be considered normal
any measurement below this range indicates hydration and any measurement above it indicates relative dehydration.
Any urine having a specific gravity over 1.035 is either
contaminated, contains very high levels of glucose,
hint:::
1- High volume
a- High s.g -----> D.mellitus
b- v.low S.g -----> D.Insipidus
c- S.g = 1010 -----> Chronic Renal failure
2- Low volume
a- High S.g -----> Nephrosis
b- S.g =1010 -----> Acute renal failure
5. protien:
Normal total protein excretion does not usually exceed 150 mg/24 hours, more than 150 may indicate proteiniuria
6. Glucose:
Less than 0.1% of glucose normally filtered by the glomerulus appears in urine (< 130 mg/24 hr, Glycosuria (excess sugar in urine) generally means diabetes mellitus
7. ketones bodies:
there present indicate diabetic ketosis or some other form of calorie deprivation (starvation),
8. nitrite:
A positive nitrite test indicates that bacteria may be present in significant numbers in urine. Gram negative rods such as E. coli are more likely to give a positive test.
9. leukocyte:
A positive leukocyte esterase test results from the presence of white blood cells either as whole cells or as lysed cells indicating pyuria
10 heamatouria:
abnormal numbers of red cells in urine due to: glomerular damage, tumors which erode the urinary tract
11. WBCs:
Pyuria refers to the presence of abnormal numbers of leukocytes that may appear with infection in either the upper or lower urinary tract or with acute glomerulonephritis
12. bacteria:
Bacteria are common in urine specimens because of the abundant normal microbial flora of the vagina or external urethral meatus and because of their ability to rapidly multiply in urine standing at room temperature.
Generally, more than 100,000/ml of one organism reflects significant bacteriuria
13. yeast:
Yeast cells may be contaminants or represent a true yeast infection, indicating candida infection
14. crystals:
commen crystals which presnt indicating ca oxalate and amorphus phosphate,
Very uncommon crystals include: cystine crystals in urine of neonates with congenital cystinuria or severe liver disease, tyrosine crystals with congenital tyrosinosis or marked liver impairment, or leucine crystals in patients with severe liver disease or with maple syrup urine disease.
Casts
Granular -----> Renal failure
Red -----> nephretic syndrome
White ----> pyelonephritis
Fatty ------> nephrotic syndrome
de aham el points in cast
ova and it's related with egg of parasites and bilharzia
تمت